jamtJournal of Advanced Materials and TechnologiesJournal of Advanced Materials and Technologies2782-21922782-2206ФГБОУ ВО «ТГТУ»10.17277/jamt.2024.03.pp.188-206jamt-31Research ArticleМатериалы для энергетики и охраны окружающей среды, фотовольтаика следующего поколения и зеленые технологииMaterials for energy and environment, next-generation photovoltaics, and green technologiesПолучение углеродных мембран из полиакрилонитрильных полых волокон методом ИК-пиролизаProduction of carbon membranes from porous polyacrylonitrile hollow fibers via IR pyrolysisЯскевичА. Л.YaskevichA. L.

Яскевич Ала Леонидовна, кандидат химических наук, старший научный сотрудник

ул. Сурганова, 13, Минск, 220072

Ala L. Yaskevich, Cand. Sc. (Chem.), Leading Researcher

13, Surganov St., Minsk, 220072

Yaskevich1909@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5236-7061ГлевицкаяТ. А.HliavitskayaT. A.

Глевицкая Татьяна Александровна, кандидат химических наук, старший научный сотрудник

ул. Сурганова, 13, Минск, 220072

Tatsiana A. Hliavitskaya, Cand. Sc. (Chem.), Leading Researcher

13, Surganov St., Minsk, 220072

thliavitskaya@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0118-1515ЮшкинА. А.YushkinA. A.

Юшкин Алексей Александрович, кандидат химических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории полимерных мембран

Ленинский пр., 29, Москва, 119991

Alexey A. Yushkin, Cand. Sc. (Chem.), Leading Researcher

29, Leninsky Av., Moscow, 119991

Halex@ips.ac.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6358-6251ПраценкоС. А.PratsenkoS. A.

Праценко Светлана Анатольевна, кандидат химических наук, старший научный сотрудник

ул. Сурганова, 13, Минск, 220072

Svetlana A. Pratsenko, Cand. Sc. (Chem.), Leading Researcher

13, Surganov St., Minsk, 220072

membrana@ifoch.bas-net.byНазаровЕ. А.NazarovE. A.

Назаров Евгений Артурович, младший научный сотрудник

ул. Сурганова, 13, Минск, 220072

Evgenii A. Nazarov, Researcher

13, Surganov St., Minsk, 220072

nazevgeny@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7996-474XЕфимовМ. Н.EfimovM. N.

Ефимов Михаил Николаевич, кандидат химических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник

Ленинский пр., 29, Москва, 119991

Mikhail N. Efimov, Cand. Sc. (Chem.), Leading Researcher

29, Leninsky Av., Moscow, 119991

efimov@ips.ac.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4865-288XМуратовД. Г.MuratovD. G.

Муратов Дмитрий Геннадьевич, кандидат технических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник

Ленинский пр., 29, Москва, 119991

Dmitry G. Muratov, Cand. Sc. (Eng.), Leading Researcher

29, Leninsky Av., Moscow, 119991

muratov@ips.ac.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6534-7596ПлискоТ. В.PliskoT. V.

Плиско Татьяна Викторовна, кандидат химических наук, заведующий лабораторией

ул. Сурганова, 13, Минск, 220072

Tatiana V. Plisko, Cand. Sc. (Chem.), Head of Laboratory

13, Surganov St., Minsk, 220072

plisko.v.tatiana@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3662-9970БильдюкевичА. В.BildyukevichA. V.

Бильдюкевич Александр Викторович, доктор химических наук, академик, директор

ул. Сурганова, 13, Минск, 220072

Alexandr V. Bildyukevich, D.Sc. (Chem), Academician, Director 

13, Surganov St., Minsk, 220072

uf@ifoch.bas-net.byИнститут физико-органической химии Национальной академии наук БеларусиБеларусьInstitute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (IPOC)BelarusИнститут нефтехимического синтеза им. А. В. Топчиева РАНРоссияA.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation20241302202693188206Copyright © Яскевич А.Л., Глевицкая Т.А., Юшкин А.А., Праценко С.А., Назаров Е.А., Ефимов М.Н., Муратов Д.Г., Плиско Т.В., Бильдюкевич А.В., 20262026Яскевич А.Л., Глевицкая Т.А., Юшкин А.А., Праценко С.А., Назаров Е.А., Ефимов М.Н., Муратов Д.Г., Плиско Т.В., Бильдюкевич А.В.Yaskevich A.L., Hliavitskaya T.A., Yushkin A.A., Pratsenko S.A., Nazarov E.A., Efimov M.N., Muratov D.G., Plisko T.V., Bildyukevich A.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://jamt.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/31

Предложен новый подход к получению углеродных мембран при помощи ИК-пиролиза половолоконных мембран из полиакрилонитрила (ПАН) и сополимеров акрилонитрила с метилакрилатом  (ПАН-МА) и итаконовой кислотой (ПАН-ИА). Предложенный способ включает термостабилизацию мембран при 250 °С и последующий ИК-пиролиз. Установлено, что половолоконные мембраны, изготовленные из ПАН-ИА  и ПАН, наименее подвержены разрушению при повышении температуры. Для образцов на основе ПАН-МА деформация половолоконных мембран в результате ИК-пиролиза регистрируется при температурах выше  200…300 °С. Исследование структуры углеродных мембран методом растровой электронной микроскопии выявило, что использование глицерина в качестве импрегнирующего агента (независимо от химического состава сополимеров акрилонитрила) приводит к менее регулярной и более дефектной структуре получаемых углеродных мембран. Установлено, что термостабилизация при 250 °С сохраняет структурную целостность и способствует получению механически стабильных углеродных мембран. Методом ИК-спектроскопии доказано, что  ИК-излучение способствует существенному преобразованию структуры полимера. Показано, что 15-минутной предварительной обработки и пятиминутного пиролиза достаточно для эффективной стабилизации структуры мембраны.

A new approach to carbon membranes fabrication by IR pyrolysis of the hollow fiber (HF) porous membranes from a homopolymer (PAN) and acrylonitrile copolymers with methyl acrylate (PAN-MA) and itaconic acid (PAN-IA) was developed. The method includes thermal stabilization of membranes at 250 °С, and subsequent IR pyrolysis.  It was established that the HF membranes made from PAN-IA and PAN were the least susceptible to destruction with increasing temperature. However, for samples based on PAN-MA, the significant deformation of hollow fiber membranes after IR pyrolysis occurs at temperatures above 200–300 °C. Scanning electron microscopy study showed that the presence of glycerol as an impregnating agent in membranes (regardless of the chemical composition of acrylonitrile copolymers) leads to a less regular and more defective structure of the resulting carbon membranes. It was found that the thermal stabilization at 250 °C preserves structural integrity and contributes to the production of mechanically stable carbon membranes. FTIR spectra confirmed that IR radiation catalyzes transformations in the polymer structure. As a result, the time of thermal stabilization and pyrolysis was noticeably reduced. It was shown, that 15 min pretreatment and 5 min pyrolysis is enough for effective stabilization of membrane structure.

углеродная мембранаполиакрилонитрил (ПАН)пиролизполые волокнасополимерИК-обработкаcarbon membranehomopolymer (PAN)pyrolysishollow fibercopolymerIR treatmentThis work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russian Federation (project number 20-58-00033 Bel_a) and Belarusian Republican Foundation for Fundamental Research, Belarus (project number X20P-185). The authors express gratitude to D. Bakhtin for SEM images. This research was performed using the equipment of the Shared Research Center “Analytical center of deep oil processing and petrochemistry of TIPS RAS”.ReferencesChoudhury S, Fischer D, Formanek P, Simon F, et al. Porous carbon prepared from polyacrylonitrile for lithium-sulfur battery cathodes using phase inversion technique. Polymer. 2018;151:171-178. DOI:10.1016/j.polymer.2018.07.026Choudhury S, Fischer D, Formanek P, Simon F, et al. Porous carbon prepared from polyacrylonitrile for lithium-sulfur battery cathodes using phase inversion technique. Polymer. 2018;151:171-178. DOI:10.1016/j.polymer.2018.07.026Wu Q, Liang H, Li M, Liu B, et al. Hierarchically porous carbon membranes derived from pan and their selective adsorption of organic dyes. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science. 2016;34(1):23-33. DOI:10.1007/s10118-016-1723-6Wu Q, Liang H, Li M, Liu B, et al. Hierarchically porous carbon membranes derived from pan and their selective adsorption of organic dyes. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science. 2016;34(1):23-33. DOI:10.1007/s10118-016-1723-6Adams JS, Itta AK, Zhang C, Wenz GB, et al. New insights into structural evolution in carbon molecular sieve membranes during pyrolysis. Carbon. 2019;141:238-246. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.039Adams JS, Itta AK, Zhang C, Wenz GB, et al. New insights into structural evolution in carbon molecular sieve membranes during pyrolysis. Carbon. 2019;141:238-246. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.039Chu Y-H, Yancey D, Xu L, Martinez M, et al. Iron-containing carbon molecular sieve membranes for advanced olefin/paraffin separations. Journal of Membrane Science. 2018;548:609-620. DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2017.11.052Chu Y-H, Yancey D, Xu L, Martinez M, et al. Iron-containing carbon molecular sieve membranes for advanced olefin/paraffin separations. Journal of Membrane Science. 2018;548:609-620. DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2017.11.052Liu J, Calverley EM, McAdon MH, Goss JM, et al. New carbon molecular sieves for propylene/propane separation with high working capacity and separation factor. Carbon. 2017;123:273-282. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2017.07.068Liu J, Calverley EM, McAdon MH, Goss JM, et al. New carbon molecular sieves for propylene/propane separation with high working capacity and separation factor. Carbon. 2017;123:273-282. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2017.07.068Roy S, Das R, Gagrai MK, Sarkar S. Preparation of carbon molecular sieve membrane derived from phenolic resin over macroporous clay-alumina based support for hydrogen separation. Journal of Porous Materials. 2016;23(6):1653-1662. DOI:10.1007/s10934-016-0226-8Roy S, Das R, Gagrai MK, Sarkar S. Preparation of carbon molecular sieve membrane derived from phenolic resin over macroporous clay-alumina based support for hydrogen separation. Journal of Porous Materials. 2016;23(6):1653-1662. DOI:10.1007/s10934-016-0226-8Xu S, Lin X, He Y, Wang Z, et al. Carbon membrane performance on hydrogen separation in H2H2O HI gaseous mixture system in the sulfur-iodine thermochemical cycle. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2017;42(6):3708-3715. DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.08.101Xu S, Lin X, He Y, Wang Z, et al. Carbon membrane performance on hydrogen separation in H2H2O HI gaseous mixture system in the sulfur-iodine thermochemical cycle. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2017;42(6):3708-3715. DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.08.101He X, Hägg M-B. Hollow fiber carbon membranes: investigations for CO2 capture. Journal of Membrane Science. 2011;378(1-2):1-9. DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2010.10.070He X, Hägg M-B. Hollow fiber carbon membranes: investigations for CO2 capture. Journal of Membrane Science. 2011;378(1-2):1-9. DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2010.10.070Du L, Quan X, Fan X, Chen S, et al. Electroresponsive carbon membranes with reversible superhydrophobicity/superhydrophilicity switch for efficient oil/water separation. Separation and Purification Technology. 2019;210:891-899. DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2018.05.032Du L, Quan X, Fan X, Chen S, et al. Electroresponsive carbon membranes with reversible superhydrophobicity/superhydrophilicity switch for efficient oil/water separation. Separation and Purification Technology. 2019;210:891-899. DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2018.05.032Pan Y, Wang W, Wang T, Yao P. Fabrication of carbon membrane and microfiltration of oil-in-water emulsion: an investigation on fouling mechanisms. Separation and Purification Technology. 2007;57(2):388-393. DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2007.04.024Pan Y, Wang W, Wang T, Yao P. Fabrication of carbon membrane and microfiltration of oil-in-water emulsion: an investigation on fouling mechanisms. Separation and Purification Technology. 2007;57(2):388-393. DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2007.04.024Fu S, Sanders ES, Kulkarni SS, Wenz GB, et al. Temperature dependence of gas transport and sorption in carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from four 6FDA based polyimides: entropic selectivity evaluation. Carbon. 2015;95:995-1006. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2015.09.005Fu S, Sanders ES, Kulkarni SS, Wenz GB, et al. Temperature dependence of gas transport and sorption in carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from four 6FDA based polyimides: entropic selectivity evaluation. Carbon. 2015;95:995-1006. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2015.09.005Lee HS, Baek GY, Jeong SY, Shin K, et al. Preparation of thin porous carbon membranes from polyacrylonitrile by phase separation and heat treatment. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2017;17(8): 5822-5825. DOI:10.1166/jnn.2017.14135Lee HS, Baek GY, Jeong SY, Shin K, et al. Preparation of thin porous carbon membranes from polyacrylonitrile by phase separation and heat treatment. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2017;17(8): 5822-5825. DOI:10.1166/jnn.2017.14135Development and characterization of polyacrylonitrile(PAN) based carbon hollow fiber membrane. Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org [Accessed 29 April 2024]Development and characterization of polyacrylonitrile(PAN) based carbon hollow fiber membrane. Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org [Accessed 29 April 2024]Rodrigues SC, Whitley R, Mendes A. Preparation and characterization of carbon molecular sieve membranes based on resorcinol-formaldehyde resin. Journal of Membrane Science. 2014;459:207-216. DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2014.02.013Rodrigues SC, Whitley R, Mendes A. Preparation and characterization of carbon molecular sieve membranes based on resorcinol-formaldehyde resin. Journal of Membrane Science. 2014;459:207-216. DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2014.02.013He X, Lie JA, Sheridan E, Hägg M-B. Preparation and characterization of hollow fiber carbon membranes from cellulose acetate precursors. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2011;50(4):2080-2087. DOI:10.1021/ie101978qHe X, Lie JA, Sheridan E, Hägg M-B. Preparation and characterization of hollow fiber carbon membranes from cellulose acetate precursors. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2011;50(4):2080-2087. DOI:10.1021/ie101978qMa X, Swaidan R, Teng B, Tan H, et al. Carbon molecular sieve gas separation membranes based on an intrinsically microporous polyimide precursor. Carbon. 2013;62:88-96. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.05.057Ma X, Swaidan R, Teng B, Tan H, et al. Carbon molecular sieve gas separation membranes based on an intrinsically microporous polyimide precursor. Carbon. 2013;62:88-96. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.05.057Park HB, Lee SY, Lee YM. Pyrolytic carbon membranes containing silica: morphological approach on gas transport behavior. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2005;739(1-3):179-190. DOI:10.1016/j.molstruc.2004.08.028Park HB, Lee SY, Lee YM. Pyrolytic carbon membranes containing silica: morphological approach on gas transport behavior. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2005;739(1-3):179-190. DOI:10.1016/j.molstruc.2004.08.028Tena A, Rangou S, Shishatskiy S. Method of producing a thermally rearranged PBX, thermally rearranged PBX and membrane. United States patent 10,301,431. 28 May 2019.Tena A, Rangou S, Shishatskiy S. Method of producing a thermally rearranged PBX, thermally rearranged PBX and membrane. United States patent 10,301,431. 28 May 2019.Koros WJ, Zhang C. Ultra-selective carbon molecular sieve membranes and methods of making. United States patent. 15/170,529. 27 July 2016.Koros WJ, Zhang C. Ultra-selective carbon molecular sieve membranes and methods of making. United States patent. 15/170,529. 27 July 2016.Bhave RR, Linneen NN. Carbon molecular sieve membrane for gas separations. United States patent 10758873 B2. 1 September 2020.Bhave RR, Linneen NN. Carbon molecular sieve membrane for gas separations. United States patent 10758873 B2. 1 September 2020.Hamm JBS, Ambrosi A, Griebeler JG, Marcilio NR, et al. Recent advances in the development of supported carbon membranes for gas separation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2017;42(39):24830-24845. DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.08.071Hamm JBS, Ambrosi A, Griebeler JG, Marcilio NR, et al. Recent advances in the development of supported carbon membranes for gas separation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2017;42(39):24830-24845. DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.08.071Amirkhanov DM, Alekseeva OK, Kotenko AA, Kruchinina EV, et al. Analysis of the current state of processes for obtaining composite carbon gas-selective membranes formed under conditions of controlled carbonization of polymers. Membrani. 2006;4(32):19-39. (In Russ.)Amirkhanov DM, Alekseeva OK, Kotenko AA, Kruchinina EV, et al. Analysis of the current state of processes for obtaining composite carbon gas-selective membranes formed under conditions of controlled carbonization of polymers. Membrani. 2006;4(32):19-39. (In Russ.)Saufi SM, Ismail AF. Fabrication of carbon membranes for gas separation – a review. Carbon. 2004;42(2):241-259. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2003.10.022Saufi SM, Ismail AF. Fabrication of carbon membranes for gas separation – a review. Carbon. 2004;42(2):241-259. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2003.10.022Lei L, Pan F, Lindbråthen A, Zhang X, et al. Carbon hollow fiber membranes for a molecular sieve with precise-cutoff ultramicropores for superior hydrogen separation. Nature Communications. 2021;12(1):268. DOI:10.1038/s41467-020-20628-9Lei L, Pan F, Lindbråthen A, Zhang X, et al. Carbon hollow fiber membranes for a molecular sieve with precise-cutoff ultramicropores for superior hydrogen separation. Nature Communications. 2021;12(1):268. DOI:10.1038/s41467-020-20628-9Zhang C, Kumar R, Koros WJ. Ultra-thin skin carbon hollow fiber membranes for sustainable molecular separations. AIChE Journal. 2019;65(8):e16611. DOI:10.1002/aic.16611Zhang C, Kumar R, Koros WJ. Ultra-thin skin carbon hollow fiber membranes for sustainable molecular separations. AIChE Journal. 2019;65(8):e16611. DOI:10.1002/aic.16611Haider S, Lie J, Lindbråthen A, Hägg M-B. Pilot–scale production of carbon hollow fiber membranes from regenerated cellulose precursor-part II: carbonization procedure. Membranes. 2018;8(4):97. DOI:10.3390/membranes8040097Haider S, Lie J, Lindbråthen A, Hägg M-B. Pilot–scale production of carbon hollow fiber membranes from regenerated cellulose precursor-part II: carbonization procedure. Membranes. 2018;8(4):97. DOI:10.3390/membranes8040097Ghorpade RV, Lee S, Hong SC. Effect of different itaconic acid contents of poly(acrylonitrile-coitaconic acid)s on their carbonization behaviors at elevated temperatures. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2020; 181:109373. DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109373Ghorpade RV, Lee S, Hong SC. Effect of different itaconic acid contents of poly(acrylonitrile-coitaconic acid)s on their carbonization behaviors at elevated temperatures. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2020; 181:109373. DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109373Wu S, Gao A, Wang Y, Xu L. Modification of polyacrylonitrile stabilized fibers via post-thermal treatment in nitrogen prior to carbonization and its effect on the structure of carbon fibers. Journal of Materials Science. 2018;53(11):8627-8638. DOI:10.1007/s10853-017-1894-8Wu S, Gao A, Wang Y, Xu L. Modification of polyacrylonitrile stabilized fibers via post-thermal treatment in nitrogen prior to carbonization and its effect on the structure of carbon fibers. Journal of Materials Science. 2018;53(11):8627-8638. DOI:10.1007/s10853-017-1894-8Gutmann P, Moosburger-Will J, Kurt S, Xu Y, et al. Carbonization of polyacrylonitrile-based fibers under defined tensile load: influence on shrinkage behavior, microstructure, and mechanical properties. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2019;163:174-184. DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.007Gutmann P, Moosburger-Will J, Kurt S, Xu Y, et al. Carbonization of polyacrylonitrile-based fibers under defined tensile load: influence on shrinkage behavior, microstructure, and mechanical properties. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2019;163:174-184. DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.007Saha B, Schatz GC. Carbonization in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based carbon fibers studied by ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2012;116(15):4684-4692. DOI:10.1021/jp300581bSaha B, Schatz GC. Carbonization in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based carbon fibers studied by ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2012;116(15):4684-4692. DOI:10.1021/jp300581bYushkin AA, Efimov MN, Vasilev AA, Bogdanova YuG, et al. Modification of polyacrylonitrile membranes by incoherent IR radiation. Petroleum Chemistry. 2017;57(4):341-346. DOI:10.1134/S0965544117040089Yushkin AA, Efimov MN, Vasilev AA, Bogdanova YuG, et al. Modification of polyacrylonitrile membranes by incoherent IR radiation. Petroleum Chemistry. 2017;57(4):341-346. DOI:10.1134/S0965544117040089Yushkin AA, Efimov MN, Vasil’ev AA, Ivanov VI, et al. Effect of IR radiation on the properties of polyacrylonitrile and membranes on its basis. Polymer Science, Series A. 2017;59(6):880-890. DOI:10.1134/S0965545X17060104Yushkin AA, Efimov MN, Vasil’ev AA, Ivanov VI, et al. Effect of IR radiation on the properties of polyacrylonitrile and membranes on its basis. Polymer Science, Series A. 2017;59(6):880-890. DOI:10.1134/S0965545X17060104Lee WH, Bae JY, Yushkin A, Efimov M, et al. Energy and time efficient infrared (IR) irradiation treatment for preparing thermally rearranged (TR) and carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes for gas separation. Journal of Membrane Science. 2020;613: 118477. DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118477Lee WH, Bae JY, Yushkin A, Efimov M, et al. Energy and time efficient infrared (IR) irradiation treatment for preparing thermally rearranged (TR) and carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes for gas separation. Journal of Membrane Science. 2020;613: 118477. DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118477Renschler CL, Sylwester AP, Salgado LV. Carbon films from polyacrylonitrile. Journal of Materials Research. 1989;4(2):452-457. DOI:10.1557/JMR.1989.0452Renschler CL, Sylwester AP, Salgado LV. Carbon films from polyacrylonitrile. Journal of Materials Research. 1989;4(2):452-457. DOI:10.1557/JMR.1989.0452Chernikova EV, Poteryaeva ZA, Shlyakhtin AV, Prokopov NI, et al. Effects of synthesis conditions and the mechanism of homopolymerization of acrylonitrile on the thermal behavior of the resulting polymer. Polymer Science Series B. 2013;55(1-2):1-13. DOI:10.1134/S1560090412110012Chernikova EV, Poteryaeva ZA, Shlyakhtin AV, Prokopov NI, et al. Effects of synthesis conditions and the mechanism of homopolymerization of acrylonitrile on the thermal behavior of the resulting polymer. Polymer Science Series B. 2013;55(1-2):1-13. DOI:10.1134/S1560090412110012Yushkin AA, Efimov MN, Malakhov AO, Karpacheva GP, et al. Creation of highly stable porous polyacrylonitrile membranes using infrared heating. Reactive and Functional Polymers. 2021;158:104793. DOI:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104793Yushkin AA, Efimov MN, Malakhov AO, Karpacheva GP, et al. Creation of highly stable porous polyacrylonitrile membranes using infrared heating. Reactive and Functional Polymers. 2021;158:104793. DOI:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104793Devasia R, Nair CPR, Sadhana R, Babu NS, et al. Fourier transform infrared and wide-angle X-ray diffraction studies of the thermal cyclization reactions of high-molar-mass poly(acrylonitrile-co-itaconic acid). Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2006;100(4):3055-3062. DOI:10.1002/app.23705Devasia R, Nair CPR, Sadhana R, Babu NS, et al. Fourier transform infrared and wide-angle X-ray diffraction studies of the thermal cyclization reactions of high-molar-mass poly(acrylonitrile-co-itaconic acid). Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2006;100(4):3055-3062. DOI:10.1002/app.23705Matveev D, Vasilevsky V, Volkov V, Plisko T, et al. Fabrication of ultrafiltration membranes from nontoxic solvent dimethylsulfoxide: benchmarking of commercially available acrylonitrile co-polymers. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2022;10(1): 107061. DOI:10.1016/j.jece.2021.107061Matveev D, Vasilevsky V, Volkov V, Plisko T, et al. Fabrication of ultrafiltration membranes from nontoxic solvent dimethylsulfoxide: benchmarking of commercially available acrylonitrile co-polymers. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2022;10(1): 107061. DOI:10.1016/j.jece.2021.107061Ju A, Guang S, Xu H. Effect of comonomer structure on the stabilization and spinnability of polyacrylonitrile copolymers. Carbon. 2013;54:323-335. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2012.11.044Ju A, Guang S, Xu H. Effect of comonomer structure on the stabilization and spinnability of polyacrylonitrile copolymers. Carbon. 2013;54:323-335. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2012.11.044Ouyang Q, Cheng L, Wang H, Li K. Mechanism and kinetics of the stabilization reactions of itaconic acidmodified polyacrylonitrile. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2008;93(8):1415-1421. DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.05.021Ouyang Q, Cheng L, Wang H, Li K. Mechanism and kinetics of the stabilization reactions of itaconic acidmodified polyacrylonitrile. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2008;93(8):1415-1421. DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.05.021McKelvey S. Phase separation, vitrification, and the manifestation of macrovoids in polymeric asymmetric membranes. Journal of Membrane Science. 1996;112(1): 29-39. DOI:10.1016/0376-7388(95)00197-2McKelvey S. Phase separation, vitrification, and the manifestation of macrovoids in polymeric asymmetric membranes. Journal of Membrane Science. 1996;112(1): 29-39. DOI:10.1016/0376-7388(95)00197-2Bildyukevich AV, Hliavitskaya TA, Nevar TN. Influence of spinning modes on the structure and properties of polyethersulfone hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane. Membranes and Membrane Technologies. 2022;4(4):195-205. DOI:10.1134/S2517751622040023Bildyukevich AV, Hliavitskaya TA, Nevar TN. Influence of spinning modes on the structure and properties of polyethersulfone hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane. Membranes and Membrane Technologies. 2022;4(4):195-205. DOI:10.1134/S2517751622040023Bildyukevich AV, Plisko TV, Usosky VV. The formation of polysulfone hollow fiber membranes by the free fall spinning method. Petroleum Chemistry. 2016;56(5):379-400. DOI:10.1134/S0965544116050042Bildyukevich AV, Plisko TV, Usosky VV. The formation of polysulfone hollow fiber membranes by the free fall spinning method. Petroleum Chemistry. 2016;56(5):379-400. DOI:10.1134/S0965544116050042Kujawski W, Adamczak P, Narebska A. A fully automated system for the determination of pore size distribution in microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes. Separation Science and Technology. 1989;24(7-8):495-506. DOI:10.1080/01496398908049787 45. Faraji S, Yardim MF, Can DS, Sarac AS.Kujawski W, Adamczak P, Narebska A. A fully automated system for the determination of pore size distribution in microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes. Separation Science and Technology. 1989;24(7-8):495-506. DOI:10.1080/01496398908049787 45. Faraji S, Yardim MF, Can DS, Sarac AS.Characterization of polyacrylonitrile, poly(acrylonitrile-covinyl acetate), and poly(acrylonitrile-co-itaconic acid) based activated carbon nanofibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2017;134(2):app.44381. DOI:10.1002/app.44381Characterization of polyacrylonitrile, poly(acrylonitrile-covinyl acetate), and poly(acrylonitrile-co-itaconic acid) based activated carbon nanofibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2017;134(2):app.44381. DOI:10.1002/app.44381Araújo T, Parnell AJ, Bernardo G, Mendes A. Cellulose-based carbon membranes for gas separations – unraveling structural parameters and surface chemistry for superior separation performance. Carbon. 2023;204:398-410. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2022.12.062Araújo T, Parnell AJ, Bernardo G, Mendes A. Cellulose-based carbon membranes for gas separations – unraveling structural parameters and surface chemistry for superior separation performance. Carbon. 2023;204:398-410. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2022.12.062Yushkin AA, Balynin AV, Nebesskaya AP, Chernikova EV, et al. Acrylonitrile-acrylic acid copolymer ultrafiltration membranes for selective asphaltene removal from crude oil. Membranes. 2023;13(9):775. DOI:10.3390membranes13090775Yushkin AA, Balynin AV, Nebesskaya AP, Chernikova EV, et al. Acrylonitrile-acrylic acid copolymer ultrafiltration membranes for selective asphaltene removal from crude oil. Membranes. 2023;13(9):775. DOI:10.3390membranes13090775Kim D, Kwon Y, Lee J-H, Kim S-J, et al. Tailoring the stabilization and pyrolysis processes of carbon molecular sieve membrane derived from polyacrylonitrile for ethylene/ethane separation. Membranes. 2022;12(1):93. DOI:10.3390/membranes12010093Kim D, Kwon Y, Lee J-H, Kim S-J, et al. Tailoring the stabilization and pyrolysis processes of carbon molecular sieve membrane derived from polyacrylonitrile for ethylene/ethane separation. Membranes. 2022;12(1):93. DOI:10.3390/membranes12010093Hameed N, Sharp J, Nunna S, Creighton C, et al. Structural transformation of polyacrylonitrile fibers during stabilization and low temperature carbonization. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2016;128:39-45. DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.02.029Hameed N, Sharp J, Nunna S, Creighton C, et al. Structural transformation of polyacrylonitrile fibers during stabilization and low temperature carbonization. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2016;128:39-45. DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.02.029

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.