Новое о детонационном синтезе и свойствах наноалмазов

В статье изложены, в основном, новые или ранее не проанализированные данные наиболее важных опубликованных работ последних пяти лет. Рассматриваются различные возможные механизмы синтеза детонационных наноалмазов (ДНА). Предложена простая прогнозная оценка выхода ДНА на основе содержания элементов в молекуле взрывчатых веществ (ВВ). Показано, что азот не является инертным элементом в процессе синтеза наноалмазов. Возможно образование фрактальной углеродной сетки с одновременными флуктуациями плотности углерода в зоне химических реакций (ЗХР) с образованием трехмерного упорядоченного ядра в узлах сетки. Время формирования такой углеродной структуры близко к 50 нс. Для образования ДНА время химических реакций составляет 0,1…0,3 мкс, а ширина ЗХР – от 0,4 до 1,4 мм. Электропроводность «плазмы» в ЗХР определяется содержанием углерода в ВВ, который формирует протяженные проводящие структуры. Показано, что область с наибольшим выходом ДНА (до 8,5 мас. %) ограничена давлением в плоскости Чепмена-Жуге  23…29 ГПа и температурой 3850…4350 K, оптимальный кислородный баланс ВВ находится в диапазоне  –42…–53 %, скорость детонации ВВ – в диапазоне 7250…8000 м/с. В целом, ДНА из различных ВВ имеют близкие кристаллографические параметры (кроме наноалмазов из бензотрифуроксана). Для повышения выхода ДНА необходимо использовать водную оболочку заряда, представляющую раствор уротропина, мочевины или гидразина. Впервые разработан и рекомендован для промышленности процесс получения ДНА из тетрила и его бинарных и тройных зарядов, выход ДНА ~7 мас. %. Опыт промышленного производства ДНА показал, что реально получение наноалмазов с выходом 8,5 мас. % при их содержании в алмазосодержащей шихте 72 %  и несгораемых примесей 1,6 мас. % 

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