Применение детонационных наноалмазов в новых технологиях

Обзор обобщает результаты использования детонационных наноалмазов (ДНА) за последние 10 лет для новых областей науки и техники. Ориентированное сращивание кристаллитов наноалмазов (~ 4 нм) при воздействии высоких температур и давлении способствует образованию монокристаллов многомикронных размеров. Предложены и изучены новые контрастные МРТ-вещества в виде водных суспензий с введенными в них ДНА, легированные ионами марганца и гадолиния. Показана возможность использования кристаллитов ДНА в качестве отражателей очень медленных нейтронов (~ 50 м/с). Показана возможность получения (CVD-метод) алмазных покрытий, содержащих ионы европия. Обнаружен электрореологический эффект при наложении электрического поля на суспензию кристаллитов наноалмазов в маслах, причем кристаллиты ДНА являются центром узлов фрактальной токопроводящей сетки. Смешивание ДНА с порошком вольфрама (W) при последующем спекании приводит к усилению модуля Юнга в 4 раза и твердость в 1,5–2,0 раза у спеченного W. Замена стандартных ДНА (из смеси тротила с гексогеном) на ДНА, легированных бором при детонационном синтезе, увеличивает микротвердость спеченного W дополнительно до четырех раз. Впервые получены новые виды псевдосплавов – алюмовольфрамовый, содержащий 10 мас. % вольфрама и 90 мас. % алюминия с твердостью НВ 60 и алюминиево-медно-вольфрамовый, содержащий 15 мас. % Al, 50 мас. % медь, 35 мас. % вольфрам и 1,2 мас. % ДНА. Полученные составы легко подвергаются механической обработке. Показана возможность использования водных суспензий наноалмазов в фотонике с целью получения линейно-оптических фильтров, устойчивых к мощному излучению. Применение полупродукта синтеза ДНА-алмазной шихты (АШ) привело к увеличению всхожести семян пекинской капусты на 70 % по сравнению с обычной всхожестью таких семян. Введение АШ в используемые космические смазки снизило износ деталей в 2 раза. Модификация пастообразных топлив наноалмазами позволила поднять скорость их горения до 23 %.

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